Key figures, events, and ideas of the Protestant Reformation
25 cards · religion
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| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Western Schism | 1378–1417; rival popes split Latin Christendom The papal split eroded papal prestige, fueling calls for reform. |
| Indulgences | Remission of temporal punishment; abused in fundraising Abuse of indulgence preaching sparked Luther’s protest in 1517. |
| Printing press | 1450s; Gutenberg’s movable type enabled mass texts Pamphlets and vernacular Bibles spread reform ideas quickly. |
| Erasmus Greek New Testament | 1516; first published critical Greek-Latin New Testament Enabled biblical humanism; shaped Luther’s and others’ exegesis. |
| Jan Hus | Bohemian reformer executed at Constance, 1415 His teachings prefigured Protestant ideas and inspired Hussites. |
| 95 Theses | 1517; Luther challenged indulgences at Wittenberg Catalyzed debate on penance, authority, and salvation. |
| Diet of Worms | 1521; Luther refused to recant before Emperor Charles V Declared an outlaw; protected by Frederick, he translated Scripture. |
| Sola fide | Justification by faith alone, not works Core Lutheran doctrine opposing merit-based salvation. |
| Sola scriptura | Scripture alone as supreme authority Denied equal authority of church tradition and papal decrees. |
| Priesthood of all believers | All Christians share spiritual priesthood Undermined clerical hierarchy; elevated vocation and laity. |
| Augsburg Confession | 1530; foundational Lutheran statement of faith Presented at the Diet of Augsburg; defined key Lutheran doctrines. |
| Zwingli on the Eucharist | Symbolic memorial; no corporal presence Rejected transubstantiation; emphasized remembrance. |
| Marburg Colloquy | 1529; Luther and Zwingli split over the Lord’s Supper Unity failed over Christ’s presence; foiled Protestant alliance. |
| Schleitheim Confession | 1527; Anabaptist articles affirming believers’ baptism Rejected infant baptism; taught separation and nonviolence. |
| Act of Supremacy | 1534; Henry VIII made head of Church of England Broke with Rome over annulment; birthed the English Reformation. |
| Dissolution of the Monasteries | 1536–1541; English monastic houses suppressed Crown seized lands, reshaping religion and society in England. |
| Elizabethan Settlement | 1559; moderate Protestant Church of England structure Via media under Elizabeth I; Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | 1536; Calvin’s systematic Reformed theology Expanded editions shaped Reformed churches across Europe. |
| Predestination | God’s sovereign election to salvation Emphasized divine grace; comforted believers and urged discipline. |
| Counter-Reformation | Catholic renewal opposing Protestant expansion Reforms of clergy, doctrine, and devotion from mid-16th century. |
| Society of Jesus | 1540; Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Led missions, education, and papal service in Catholic renewal. |
| Council of Trent | 1545–1563; Catholic doctrinal and disciplinary reform Affirmed canon, sacraments, and justification against Protestants. |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555; cuius regio, eius religio in the Empire Princes chose Lutheran or Catholic; Calvinists excluded. |
| Defenestration of Prague | 1618; Bohemian nobles hurled officials from a window Sparked the Thirty Years’ War over religion and power. |
| Peace of Westphalia | 1648; ended Thirty Years’ War; recognized state sovereignty Legalized Calvinism in the Empire; reshaped European order. |