Core concepts, practices, and history of Islam
25 cards · religion
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| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Tawhid | Absolute oneness of God Core Islamic monotheism affirming that God is unique, without partners. |
| Quran | Islam's revealed scripture in Arabic Believed revealed to Muhammad via Gabriel between 610 and 632 CE. |
| Sunnah | Prophetic example as a source of guidance Consists of Muhammad’s practices, preserved through reports and tradition. |
| Hadith | Reports of Muhammad's sayings and actions Collected, evaluated, and classified by scholars for authenticity. |
| Muhammad as final prophet | Seal of the prophets in Islam Muslims believe prophethood culminates with Muhammad, completing revelation. |
| Day of Judgment | Final accounting and resurrection God judges deeds; heaven and hell are ultimate outcomes. |
| Jihad | Striving in God’s cause Includes personal moral struggle and, under conditions, collective defense. |
| Ummah | Global community of believers Transcends tribe and nation, uniting Muslims by faith and practice. |
| Shahada | Declaration of faith in God and Muhammad Affirms “There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God.” |
| Salat | Five daily ritual prayers Prayed at set times facing Mecca, with prescribed movements and recitations. |
| Zakat | Obligatory alms to support the needy Due on qualifying wealth; purifies possessions and aids social welfare. |
| Sawm | Fasting during Ramadan Abstention from food, drink, and intimacy from dawn to sunset. |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca once if able Performed in Dhu al-Hijjah; includes rites at the Kaaba and nearby sites. |
| Qibla | Direction of prayer toward the Kaaba Originally toward Jerusalem; later changed to Mecca in Muhammad’s time. |
| Kaaba | Cubic sanctuary in Mecca central to worship Focal point of Hajj and daily prayers; considered the House of God. |
| Halal and haram | Permissible and forbidden categories Classify actions and foods by lawfulness under Islamic law. |
| Sharia | Islamic law derived from Quran and Sunnah Covers worship, ethics, and social matters; interpreted by scholars. |
| Fiqh | Human understanding of Sharia Jurisprudence using methods like consensus and analogy to derive rulings. |
| Hijra | Migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 Marks year 1 of the Islamic calendar and a new community’s start. |
| Constitution of Medina | Foundational pact forming a Medinan community Outlined rights and responsibilities among Muslims and allied groups. |
| Battle of Badr | 624 victory seen as pivotal early battle Small Muslim force prevailed; considered a turning point in early Islam. |
| Treaty of Hudaybiyyah | 628 truce enabling later expansion Secured peace with Mecca; led to increased conversions and alliances. |
| Conquest of Mecca | 630 peaceful takeover of Mecca Idols were removed from the Kaaba; general amnesty proclaimed. |
| Sunni and Shia | Major branches differing on succession Sunnis emphasize community consensus; Shia uphold Ali’s line and Imamate. |
| Battle of Karbala | 680 killing of Husayn with lasting impact Central to Shia memory of martyrdom and injustice; commemorated in Ashura. |